Description: An adult Ensatina measures from 1.5 to 3.2 inches long from snout to vent, and 3 to 6 inches in total length. A medium-sized salamander. The legs are long, and the body is relatively short, with 12 to 13 costal grooves. Nasolabial grooves are present. The tail is rounded and constricted at the base, which will differentiate this salamander from its neighbors. This subspecies is light to dark brown above with small yellow to orange flecks. The sides are yellowish-orange and mottled with light markings. The underside is whitish with fine black speckling. There is yellow to orange coloring on the base of the limbs. Juveniles have dark blotches on the body and tail, but typically have the yellow or orange limb coloring. Males have longer, more slender tails than females, and a shorter snout with an enlarged upper lip, while the bodies of females are usually shorter and fatter than the bodies of males.

Habitat: Inhabits moist shaded evergreen and deciduous forests and oak woodlands. Found under rocks, logs, other debris, especially bark that has peeled off and fallen beside logs and trees. Most common where there is a lot of coarse woody debris on the forest foor. In dry or very cold weather, stays inside moist logs, animal burrows, under roots, woodrat nests, under rocks.

Range: Oregon Ensatina are traditionally reported as occurring along the Pacific coast from southwest British Columbia south to Sonoma county. Stebbins eliminated the range of the subspecies E. e. oregonensis in California, showing instead, a very large area of intergradation in California, which means that this subspecies does not actually occur in California in its pure form. A trace of yellow in the eyes remains on most Ensatina found along the north coast of California. This yellow coloring is not found on the pure Oregon Ensatina found in Oregon and Washington, which supports Stebbins' decision. Due to the very large area inhabited by these intergrades, I label them as Oregon Ensatina on this web site even though they are technically intergrades.

Found in these States: CA | OR | WA

Diet: Ensatinas eat a wide variety of invertebrates, including worms, ants, beetles, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, sow bugs, and snails. They expell a relatively long sticky tongue from the mouth to capture the prey and pull it back into the mouth where it is crushed and killed, then swallowed. Typically feeding is done using sit-and-wait ambush tactics, but sometimes Ensatinas will slowly stalk their prey.

Reproduction: Reproduction is terrestrial. Mating takes place in Fall and Spring, but may also occur throughout the winter. Stebbins describes an elaborate Ensatina courtship involving the male rubbing his body and head against the female eventually dropping a sperm capsule onto the ground which the female picks up with her cloaca. The female can store the sperm until she determines the time is right to fertilize her eggs. At the end of the rainy season, typically April or May, females retreat to their aestivation site under bark, in rotting logs, or in underground animal burrows, and lay their eggs. Females lay 3 to 25 eggs, with 9 to 16 being average. Females remain with the eggs to guard them until they hatch. Young develop completely in the egg and probably leave the nesting site with the first saturating Fall rains, or, at higher elevations, after the snow melts.

Status: Listed as Least Concern in view of the large extent of occurrence, large number of subpopulations and localities, and presumed large population size.

Taxonomy: